Ta-Merri Chronology


kemet chronology-yosef ben jochannan
 

The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey


eBook Phil and Opinions
 

The Autobiography of Malcom X


5947879-Malcolm-X-Autobiography
 

Black Panther Party

In October of 1966, in Oakland California, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs. The party was one of the first organizations in U.S. history to militantly struggle for ethnic minority and working class emancipation — a party whose agenda was the revolutionary establishment of real economic, social, and political equality across gender and color lines.
Original 6 members
Original six Black Panthers (November, 1966) Top left to right: Elbert "Big Man" Howard; Huey P. Newton (Defense Minister), Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale (Chairman). Bottom: Reggie Forte and Little Bobby Hutton (Treasurer).
Black Panther Theory: The practices of the late Malcolm X were deeply rooted in the theoretical foundations of the Black Panther Party. Malcolm had represented both a militant revolutionary, with the dignity and self-respect to stand up and fight to win equality for all oppressed minorities; while also being an outstanding role model, someone who sought to bring about positive social services; something the Black Panthers would take to new heights. The Panthers followed Malcolm's belief of international working class unity across the spectrum of color and gender, and thus united with various minority and white revolutionary groups. From the tenets of Maoism they set the role of their Party as the vanguard of the revolution and worked to establish a united front, while from Marxism they addressed the capitalist economic system, embraced the theory of dialectical materialism, and represented the need for all workers to forcefully take over the means of production.
Black Panther
Black Panther History: On April 25th, 1967, the first issue of The Black Panther, the party's official news organ, goes into distribution. In the following month, the party marches on the California state capital fully armed, in protest of the state's attempt to outlaw carrying loaded weapons in public. Bobby Seale reads a statement of protest; while the police respond by immediately arresting him and all 30 armed Panthers. This early act of political repression kindles the fires to the burning resistance movement in the United States; soon initiating minority workers to take up arms and form new Panther chapters outside the state.
The Black Panther: [off-site link] Articles from 1968-69
In October of 1967, the police arrest the Defense Minister of the Panthers, Huey Newton, for killing an Oakland cop. Panther Eldridge Cleaver begins the movement to "Free Huey", a struggle the Panthers would devote a great deal of their attention to in the coming years, while the party spreads its roots further into the political spectrum, forming coalitions with various revolutionary parties. Stokely Carmichael,Stokely Carmichael in 1970 the former chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and a nationally known proponent of Black Power, is recruited into the party through this struggle, and soon becomes the party's Prime Minister in February, 1968. Carmichael is adamantly against allowing whites into the black liberation movement, explaining whites cannot relate to the black experience and have an intimidating effect on blacks; a position that stirs opposition within the Panthers. Carmichael explains: "Whites who come into the black community with ideas of change seem to want to absolve the power structure of its responsibility for what it is doing, and say that change can only come through black unity, which is the worst kind of paternalism..... If we are to proceed toward true liberation, we must cut ourselves off from white people..... [otherwise] we will find ourselves entwined in the tentacles of the white power complex that controls this country.”
Stokely Carmichael: The Basis of Black Power
In the beginning of 1968, after selling Mao's Red Book to university students in order to buy shotguns, the Party makes the book required reading. Meanwhile, the FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover, begins a program called COINTELPRO (counterintelligence program) to break up the spreading unity of revolutionary groups that had begun solidifying through the work and examaple of the Panthers — the Peace and Freedom Party, Brown Berets, Students for a Democratic Society, the SNCC, SCLC, Poor People's March, Cesar Chavez and others in the farm labor movement, the American Indian Movement, Young Puerto Rican Brothers, the Young Lords and many others. To destroy the party, the FBI begins with a program of surgical assassinations — killing leading members of the party who they know cannot be otherwise subverted. Following these mass killings would be a series of arrests, followed by a program of psychological warfare, designed to split the party both politically and morally through the use of espionage, provocatures, and chemical warfare.
Warning to So-Called “Paper Panthers”, The Black Panther, September 28, 1968
Watered down examples of FBI investigations, provided by the FBI: [off-site links]

U.S. Police Terror and Repression

On April 6, 1968, in West Oakland, Bobby Hutton, 17 years old, is shot dead by Oakland police. In a 90 minute gun battle, an unarmed Bobby Hutton Bobby Hutton is shot ten times dead, after his house is set ablaze and he is forced to run out into a fire of bullets. Just two days earlier, Martin Luther King is assasinated, after he had begun rethinking his own doctrines of non-violence, and started to build ties with radical unions. Two months later on the day of Bobby's death, Robert Kennedy, widely recognised in the minority commmunity as one of the only politicians in the US "sympathetic" to the civil rights movement, is also assasinated.
Growing Child In January, 1969, The first Panther's Free Breakfast for School Children Program is initiated at St. Augustine's Church in Oakland. By the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the nation, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school.
    The Black Panther: To Feed Our Children
A few months later, J. Edgar Hoover publicly states that the Panthers are the "greatest threat to the internal security of the country."
In Chicago, the outstanding leader of the Panthers local, Fred Hampton, leads five different breakfast programs on the West Side, helps create a free medical center, and initiates a door to door program of health services which test for sickle cell anemia, and encourage blood drives for the Cook County Hospital. The Chicago party also begins reaching out to local gangs to clean up their acts, get them away from crime and bring them into the class war. The Parties efforts meet wide success, and Hampton's audiences and organised contingent grow by the day. Fred Hampton On December 4th, at 4:00 a.m. in the morning, thanks to information from an FBI informant , Chicago police raid the Panthers' Chicago apartment, murdering Fred Hampton while he sleeps in bed. He is shot twice in the head, once in the arm and shoulder; while three other people sleeping in the same bed escape unharmed. Mark Clark, sleeping in the living room chair, is also murdered while asleep. Hampton's wife, carrying child for 8 months, is also shot, but survives. Four panthers sleeping in the apartment are wounded, while one other escapes injury . Fred Hampton was 21 years old when he was executed, Mark was 17 years old. According to the findings of the federal grand jury, Ninety bullets were fired inside the apartment. 1 came from a Panther — Mark — who slept with a shotgun in his hand. All surviving Panther members were arrested for "attempted murder of the police and aggravated assault". Not a single cop spent a moment in jail for the executions.
In the summer of 1969, the alliance between the Panthers and SNCC begins ripping apart. One of the main points of dispute is the inclusion of whites in the struggle for minority liberation, a dispute which is pushed into an open gun fight at the University of California in Los Angeles against the group US, led by Maulana Karenga, which leaves two Panthers dead. In September, in the government's court house, Huey Newton is convicted of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison; by 1970 the conviction is appealed and overturned on procedural errors. On November 24, 1968, Kathleen and Eldridge Cleaver flee the US, visit Cuba and Paris, and eventually settle in Algeria. Earlier in the year Cleaver published his famous book Soul on Ice. By the end of the year, the party has swelled from 400 members to over 5,000 members in 45 chapters and branches, with a newspaper circulation of 100,000 copies.
In 1969 Seale is indicted in Chicago for protesting during the Democratic national convention of last year. The court refuses to allow Seale to choose a lawyer. As Seale repeatedly stands up during the show trial insisting that he is being denied his constitutional right to counsel, the judge orders him bound and gagged. He is convicted on 16 counts of contempt and sentenced to four years in prison. While in jail he would be charged again for killing a cop in years past, a trial that would end in 1971 with a hung jury.
In March, 1970, Bobby Seale publishes Seize The Time while still being held in prison, the story of the Panthers and Huey Newton. On April 2, 1970, in New York, 21 Panthers are charged with plotting to assassinate police officers and blow up buildings. On May 22nd, Eight members, including Ericka Huggins, are arrested on a variety of conspiracy and murder charges in New Haven, Connecticut. Meanwhile, Chief of staff David Hilliard is on trial for threatening President Richard Nixon. The party does little to separate its legal and illegal aspects, and is thus always and everywhere under attack by the government. In 1971, the Panther's newspaper circulation reaches 250,000.
On Huey Newton's release from prison, he devotes more effort to further develop the Panther's socialist survival programs in black communities; programs that provided free breakfasts for children, established free medical clinics, helped the homeless find housing, and gave away free clothing and food.

FBI forgery, provacation, & chemical war

In March, 1970, the FBI begins to soe seeds of factionalism in the Black Panthers, in part by forging letters to members. Eldridge Cleaver is one of their main targets — living in exile in Algiers — they gradually convince him with a steady stream of misinformation that the BPP leadership is trying to remove him from power. Cleaver recieved stacks of forgered FBI letters from supposed party members, criticising Netwon's leadership, and asking for Cleaver to take control. An example of such a forged letter, written using the name of Connie Matthews, Newton's personal secretary:
I know you have not been told what has been happening lately.... Things around headquarters are dreadfully disorganized with the comrade commander not making proper decisions. The newspaper is in a shambles. No one knows who is in charge. The foreign department gets no support. Brothers and sisters are accused of all sorts of things...
I am disturbed because I, myself, do not know which way to turn.... If only you were here to inject some strength into the movement, or to give some advice. One of two steps must be taken soon and both are drastic. We must either get rid of the supreme commander or get rid of the disloyal members... Huey is really all we have right now and we can't let him down, reglardless of how poorly he is acting, unless you feel otherwise.
Cleaver receives similarly forged letters across the spectrum, from groups outside the Panthers, to Panthers themselves, from rank and file members to Elbert "Big Man" Howard, editor of the Black Panther. The split comes when Newton goes onto a T.V. talk show for an interview, with Cleaver on the phone in Algiers. Cleaver expresses his absolute disdain for what has happened to the party, demands that David Hilliard (Chief of Staff) be removed, and even attacks the breakfast program as reformist. Cleaver is expelled from the Central Committee, and starts up his own Black Liberation Army. In 1973, Seale runs for mayor of Oakland. Though he receives 40 percent of the vote, he is defeated.

The destroyed remnants of the party leadership

With such great struggles, seeing the party being ripped apart by factions and internal hatred, Huey, like many members, becomes disillusioned. He no longer wants to lead the party, though so many expect and demand otherwise, while he spins into a spiral of self-doubt. He becomes heavily dependent on cocaine, heroin, and others. It is not clear this was his own doing, and very probable the work of the FBI. Huey remarked in one of his public speeches in the 1980s, where he would often have spurts of his brilliant clarity but then become entirely incoherent and rambling, that he was killing himself by reactionary suicide, through the vices of drug addiction. On August 22, 1989, Newton is shot dead on the streets of Oakland in a drug dispute.
Bobby Seale resigns from the party; while Elaine Brown takes the lead in continuing the Panther community programs. In the fall of 1975, Eldridge and Kathleen Cleaver return from exile as born-again Christians. In 1979, all charges against Cleaver are dropped after he bargains with the state and pleads guilty to assault in a 1968 shoot out with the cops. He is put on five years probation. In the dimming years of his life, Cleaver assimilates a political outlook similar to Martin Luther King, engages in various business ventures, and becomes heavily addicted to cocaine.
By the beginning of the 1980s, attacks on the party and internal degradation and divisions, cause the party to fall apart. The leadership of the party had been absolutely smashed; its rank and file constantly terrorized by the police. Many remaining Panthers were hunted down and killed in the following years, imprisoned on trumped charges (Mumia Abu-Jamal, Sundiata Acoli, among many others), or forced to flee the United States (Assata Shakur, and others).
As Cleaver would later explain in an interview a year before his death: "As it was [the U.S. government] chopped off the head [of the Black liberation movement] and left the body there armed. That's why all these young bloods are out there now, they've got the rhetoric but are without the political direction... and they've got the guns."

Black Child's Pledge

I pledge allegiance to my Black People.
I pledge to develop my mind and body to the greatest extent possible.
I will learn all that I can in order to give my best to my People in their struggle for liberation.
I will keep myself physically fit, building a strong body free from drugs and other substances which weaken me and make me less capable of protecting myself, my family and my Black brothers and sisters.
I will unselfishly share my knowledge and understanding with them in order to bring about change more quickly.
I will discipline myself to direct my energies thoughtfully and constructively rather than wasting them in idle hatred.
I will train myself never to hurt or allow others to harm my Black brothers and sisters for I recognize that we need every Black Man, Woman, and Child to be physically, mentally and psychologically strong.
These principles I pledge to practice daily and to teach them to others in order to unite my People.
The Black Panther, October 26, 1968
by Shirley Williams

Links:

Angela Davis: PBS Interview in 1998: "We can't think narrowly about movements for black liberation and we can't necessarily see this class division as simply a product or a certain strategy that black movements have developed for liberation.... We have to look at for example the increasing globalization of capital, the whole system of transitional capitalism now which has had an impact on black populations — that has for example eradicated large numbers of jobs that black people traditionally have been able to count upon and created communities where the tax base is lost now as a result of corporations moving to the third world in order to discover cheap labor."
Interview of Bobby Seale in 1996: "They came down on us because we had a grass-roots, real people's revolution, complete with the programs, complete with the unity, complete with the working coalitions, we were crossing racial lines. That synergetic statement of "All power to all the people," "Down with the racist pig power structure" -- we were not talking about the average white person: we were talking about the corporate money rich and the racist jive politicians and the lackeys, as we used to call them, for the government who perpetuates all this exploitation and racism."
Interview of Eldrige Cleaver, a year before his death, now using the words of Martin Luther King, in 1997: "I think that it is possible for the capitalist system to have a program of full employment, but we have a spiritual and moral problem in America. Our problem is not economic or political, it is that we do not care about each other.....
 

History of Jim Crow

Jim Crow History Resources


Richmond, VA
Historical marker posted in the 1920s
The history of Jim Crow encompassed every part of American life, from politics to education to sports. This section is a good place to begin to access historical background, source material, and lesson plans that utilize the materials in the Geography, Literature, and Teacher Resources sections. We suggest that you begin your exploration of Jim Crow history by reading the themed essay, "From Terror to Triumph", below, in order to get a holistic look at Jim Crow from many angles. If you'd like to create an essay or lesson plan on Jim Crow history, please Join Us! All teachers are paid for the work they contribute.
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History Essays: (Many more essays and lesson plans are in development, if you would like to contribute for pay, Join Us.) All essays and lesson plans are available to print as Adobe PDF files. If you don't have the FREE Adobe Acrobat Reader, click here.
From Terror to Triumph: Historical Overview
This historical overview is actually a group of five themed essays focusing on creating, surviving, resisting, escaping, and transcending Jim Crow oppression and discrimination. These themes divide the history of the Jim Crow era, and offer teachers an organizational framework for understanding and teaching the subject. Each of these themes is explored further in the In Depth link. These essays, and others in the Teacher Resources section, provide a wealth of information about the changes and continuity in the tortured history of African Americans as they experienced segregation and discrimination from the Reconstruction Era to the 1950s.


  • Creating Jim Crow
    Beginning with an explanation of the origin of the term Jim Crow, this essay focuses on the time period beginning with the post Reconstruction period through the late 1890s and the legalization of segregation.
     • In-Depth Essay
  • Surviving Jim Crow
    This essay focuses on the ways in which African Americans made accommodations, both personal and on a nationwide scale, within a system that discounted them.
     • In-Depth Essay
  • Resisting Jim Crow
    This section offers a multi-perspective look at the ways in which African Americans resisted the confines of the system.
  •  • In-Depth Essay
  • Escaping Jim Crow
    The Kansas Exodus and Great Migration offered the hope of equality to thousands of African Americans fleeing the South. The themed content of this essay encompasses that migration through to the desegregation of the military in the 1940s as the beginning of the end of legal segregation.
  • Transition from Segregation to Civil Rights
    This essay creates the link from Jim Crow, through the Civil Rights Movement, to our race relations today.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow Passing For White in Jim Crow America
Students learn about the nuances of racism in this essay that explains the term "passing."
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four: Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)

  • Passing For White: First Account Narratives
    People who have passed and some who are still passing as white talk about their lives.
    Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
    For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four: Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)
The Lynching of Emmett Till
Among the scores of people lynched, the name Emmett Till rings familiar to those who know the Bob Dylan lyrics. Read an account of what happened to this young man in Mississippi in 1955.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four: Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)
African Americans in 'The White City:' The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893
This essay discusses African Americans' lack of participation in the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 in Chicago. Several lesson plans accompany this essay and its companion essay, "African Americans in 'The World of Tomorrow': 1939."
Target grade levels: Middle and High School
For use with:
African Americans in 'The World of Tomorrow': 1939
The essay focuses on the continued struggles and triumphs of African Americans at the New York City World Fair of 1939. Several lesson plans accompany this essay and its companion essay, "African Americans in 'The White City:' The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893."
Target grade levels: Middle and High School
For use with:
The Desegregation of Clinton Senior High School: Trial and Triumph
This student-researched and written essay on the first school in the South to desegregate following Brown v. Board of Ed. serves as an insightful example of what students can learn about Jim Crow from their own school and community's history. An accompanying lesson plan and first account narratives are also included.
Target grade levels: High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four: Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)
Childhood Experiences Color Routes to Civil Rights Activism--
Booker Taliaferro Washington and William Edward Burghardt Du Bois: Different Beginnings/Different Ways

This essay explores the two philosophically opposed men by looking back at their very different upbringings. Teachers will find this valuable before examining the Black Colleges map in the geography section because so many of the colleges aligned themselves with the philosophies of one of these two great men.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program One: Promises Betrayed (1865-1896) and Program Two: Fighting Back (1896-1917)
The Unconquerable Doing the Impossible: Jackie Robinson's 1946 Spring Training in Jim Crow Florida
Intended for use with the Jackie Robinson Lesson Plan below, this essay looks at Jackie Robinson's rude awakening to the Jim Crow South upon his arrival in Daytona Beach, Florida. Focusing on the part of Robinson's life before he made the big leagues, this essay also focuses on the qualities and making of a hero.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: Sports and Jim Crow America Map, Jackie Robinson Lesson Plan
Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson: Interview Essay
A companion essay to the Jackie Robinson lesson plan, this essay focuses on the discussion between Dodger owner-manager Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson prior to Robinson's signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball club.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
Urban Race Riots in the Jim Crow Era
A companion essay to the Jim Crow Violence map addressing the race riots of America's past ... from the root causes to the outcomes and their effect on the nation. Lesson activity suggestions are included.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: Jim Crow Violence map
Jim Crow and Sports
Supplements the Jim Crow Sports Map, which documents many "firsts" made by African-American athletes in a variety of sports. Students can use this essay as a starting point for their own research into local sports heroes.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: Sports and Jim Crow America map; Jackie Robinson essay and lesson plan
Popular Art and Racism: Embedding Racial Stereotypes in the American Mindset -- Jim Crow and Popular Culture
Virtually every type of popular art medium in the past embraced the negative stereotype associated with African Americans. This essay looks at Jim Crow through an examination of popular culture's various ways of portraying African Americans from the earliest minstrel shows to motion pictures. For a sampling of Jim Crow images in pop culture, go to the Distorted Mirror Collection in the Image Gallery.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: Image Gallery Distorted Mirror Collection
Jim Crow Legislation Overview
This essay summarizes the more than 400 state laws, constitutional amendments, and city ordinances that legalized segregation and discrimination in the United States between 1865 and 1967.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: Jim Crow and the Supreme Court Map
The Black Press and Jim Crow, 1875-1955
This overview essay covers the beginnings of the Black press in America, its struggles to survive, and its evolution over time.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: Historical Overview: Resisting Jim Crow and Jim Crow Press Map
The Paris Exposition of 1900 and W.E.B. Du Bois
An essay on W.E.B. Du Bois's trip from New York City to Paris in 1900 for the Paris Exposition Universalle. Du Bois traveled with several boxes of photographs, captions, maps, and educational materials to display in the "Negro Section" of the American exhibit. So impressive were the images, that the Exhibition judges awarded Du Bois a gold medal as the Exhibit's principal compiler.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Two: Fighting Back (1896-1917) and the Paris Exposition Collection in the Image Gallery
Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America
This overview essay gives students insight into the social customs and interactions between the races under Jim Crow.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.
Using Images for Historical Purposes
For use with the growing Image Gallery, teachers can use this essay to introduce students to the factors for consideration when viewing a photograph to glean historical information.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow and the Image Gallery.

History Lesson Plans: Teachers contribute their best lessons on the events that they think are the most important in the Jim Crow years. The lessons also link themselves to one or more of the four episodes of The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.
The Brown v. Board of Education Cases: An Education Unit on the Cases Comprising the Landmark 1954 School Desegregation Decision
Students analyze the legal history of segregation in this 7-section unit, focusing on documents from five early court cases that comprised the landmark Brown v. Board of Education school desegregation decision in 1954.
Target grade levels: High School or College Undergraduate Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four: Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)
Where did it All Begin?
This lesson should be used with the Jim Crow and the Supreme Court map. Students select from the cases on the map as a starting point for researching these major decisions in regard to segregation and civil rights.
Target grade levels: Middle School or High School Levels
For use with:
Student Research of the Integration of Clinton High School
This lesson is a template you can use to have students research the background of their own high schools and communities in the Jim Crow era. Students from Clinton High School, the first southern school to desegregate following Brown v. Board of Ed., provide an example of finished products of their research.
Target grade levels: High School Levels and the jimcrowhistory.org Web site
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four:Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)
Exhibiting at a World's Fair
In this complementary lesson to the essays on the 1893 Columbian Exposition and the 1939 New York World's Fair, students research the difficulties faced by African Americans in these World Fairs. They then design their own exhibit. This lesson serves as a link to the beginnings of the Jim Crow era.
Target grade levels: Upper Elementary through High School
For use with:
Why the Colored American is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition
Students research the difficulties African Americans faced when protesting their exclusion from the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
Target grade levels: Upper Elementary through High School
For use with:
Stereotypes at the World Fairs
This lesson examines the stereotypes of African Americans during the Jim Crow era and today. This is a companion lesson to the essays, "African Americans in 'The White City'" and "African Americans in 'The World of Tomorrow.'"
Target grade levels: Upper Elementary through High School
For use with:
African-American Artists in 'The World of Tomorrow'
Students study primary and secondary sources to discover the role African Americans played in the arts at the 1939 New York World's Fair and the historic context of those art forms. A companion lesson to the essay, "African Americans in the 'World of Tomorrow,'" this lesson focuses on the music of William Grant Still and the sculpture of Augusta Savage.
Target grade levels: Upper Elementary through High School
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: Program Three: Don't Shout Too Soon (1918-1940), and the Essay "African Americans in 'The World of Tomorrow'"
Jim Crow on the National Level: The Right to Flight
In this student-centered lesson, students learn through Internet and library research about the difficult path carved by the African-American military men during World War II.
Target grade levels: High School and College Undergraduate Programs
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Four: Terror and Triumph (1940-1954)
W.E.B. Du Bois and the Paris Exposition
Students will study primary and secondary sources to discover how W.E.B. Du Bois portrayed African Americans at the 1900 Paris Exposition. They then will create a similar exhibit using their classroom as the example.
Target grade levels: High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Two: Fighting Back (1896-1917)
Jim Crow Image Gallery: Paris Exposition Universelle Collection
Women and Jim Crow
Using the Women and Jim Crow map as a starting point for research, students learn about the social climate in which these women lived, and how it affected their outlooks on life.
Target grade levels: High School Levels
For use with: Jim Crow and Women Map
Oral History
Learning About History Through First Account Narratives: Students interview and document the stories of people who lived through and remember the Jim Crow and Civil Rights eras.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with:
An Interactive Theater Presentation Using the Essay "From Terror to Triumph: Historical Overview"
Students extract the information in the Historical Overview to create a play for peers. Ideal for African-American History Month, this lesson makes the information in the overview accessible to middle and high school students alike.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with:
Creating a Jim Crow Political Cartoon Classroom Museum
Students first examine, then create their own Jim Crow related cartoons to help them understand the power of political satire in shaping popular opinion.
Target grade levels: Middle School or High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.
The Unconquerable Doing the Impossible: Jackie Robinson's 1946 Spring Training in Jim Crow Florida
This lesson, complete with an overview essay of baseball great Jackie Robinson's Jim Crow experience as a rookie on the Dodger Farm team in Florida, focuses on his struggles and his victories, as well as his relationship with Dodger owner-manager Branch Rickey.
Target grade levels: Middle and High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
Image Gallery Lesson
Introduce your students to Jim Crow through the use of the unique images in the Jim Crow image gallery. An introductory essay on "Using Images for Historical Purposes" is included.
Target grade levels: Middle School or High School Levels
For use with: The Jim Crow Image Gallery
Historical Overview Gallery Walk Lesson
Using the Historical Overview themed essay, students learn about the Jim Crow era. The culminating project is a synthesis of the information learned into a visual presentation.
Target grade levels: Middle School or High School Levels
For use with: From Terror to Triumph: Historical Overview essay and PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
Issues of Post Civil War America Talk Show
Students research, then become the African-American leaders of post-Civil War America. In a talk show format, students will address the different reactions and recommendations of these leaders living under Jim Crow.
Target grade levels: 8-12
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program One: Promises Betrayed (1865-1896)
Billie Holiday's Strange Fruit: Using Music to Send a Message
Students examine the lyrics in this song about the lynchings of African Americans, using it as a springboard to research the Jim Crow period. Students also explore how this and other politically charged songs impact public understanding of social issues.
Target grade levels: 8-12
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program Two: Fighting Back (1896-1917)
Reconstruction to Plessy v. Ferguson Newscast
Students use the first film in the Jim Crow series, Promises Betrayed (1865-1896) as a springboard for a research assignment into the period. In this collaborative unit, the culminating activity is a newscast in which the students report on what they learned about the freedoms and injustices of the beginning of the Jim Crow era.
Target grade levels: Advanced Middle School or High School Levels
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program One: Promises Betrayed (1865-1896)
Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education: Looking At Primary Source Documents
Students examine the majority and minority opinions of both Supreme Court decisions. Using their research on Washington and Du Bois, students will also correlate the philosophies with of those men with the decisions.
Target grade levels: 9-12
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program One: Promises Betrayed (1865-1896)
Presidential Advisory Committee to Andrew Johnson
Students take on roles and serve as advisors to President Johnson during the tumultuous times following the Civil War. This lesson is a pre-viewing activity for The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.
Target grade levels: 9-12
For use with: PBS series, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Program One: Promises Betrayed (1865-1896)

History Resources Jim Crow Teacher Resources
The teacher resources section contains a wide range of materials to help you teach Jim Crow. You'll find a growing Image Gallery, our Gateway to some of the best Jim Crow source material on the internet, first account narratives of people who lived through the Jim Crow years, the Jim Crow encyclopedia, and the newly added National Park Services Gateway.
 

Marcus Garvey Timeline


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Marcus Garvey Timeline
1887 - 1919 | 1920 - 1964
1887 August 17: Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. is born in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica to Marcus Mosiah Garvey Sr., a mason, and Sarah Jane Richards, a domestic worker and farmer.
1900 Printing house in St. Ann's Bay, JamaicaGarvey begins an apprenticeship at his godfather's printing business in St. Ann's Bay.
ca. 1903 Garvey's formal primary education ends after he completes the sixth standard.
ca. 1906 Garvey leaves St. Ann's Bay and moves to Kingston, where he is employed in the printing shop of P. A. Benjamin Manufacturing Company; Garvey's mother relocates there with him.
1908 March 18: Garvey's mother dies, at age 56, in Kingston.
1909 Garvey publishes Garvey's Watchman; the paper ceases after its third issue.
1910-1912 Garvey begins to travel to Central American countries (1910): he lives in Port Limon, Costa Rica for several months; edits La Nacion (a daily newspaper, 1911); resides in Colon, Panama (and edits a tri-weekly paper, 1911); then returns to Jamaica (1912).
1912 April-May: Garvey moves to London, where he attends Birkbeck College.
1913 October 13: Garvey's article, "British West Indies in the Mirror of Civilization: History Making by Colonial Negroes" is published in the African Times and Orient Review magazine.
December 10 - January 14: Garvey visits Paris, Madrid, Boulogne, Monte Carlo, and other European cities.
1914 Amy Ashwood, Marcus Garvey's first wifemid-January: Garvey returns to London via Scotland, and attends more classes at Birkbeck College.
June 17: Garvey leaves England aboard the "S. S. Trent," destined for Jamaica.
June: Garvey's article, "The Evolution of Latter-Day Slaves: Jamaica, A Country of Black and White," is published in The Tourist.
July 8: Garvey arrives in Jamaica.
July 20: Garvey meets Amy Ashwood shortly after his return to Jamaica and on July 20th they co-found the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.
ca. July - August: Garvey publishes a pamphlet, "A Talk with Afro-West Indians: The Negro Race and Its Problems."
Naval vessel, World War I.August 4: Great Britain declares war on Germany.
September 8: Garvey writes Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Institute, and asks him for support.
October 3: Washington invites Garvey to visit Tuskegee.
1915 Booker T. WashingtonJune: Garvey's father, Marcus Garvey Sr., is committed to St. Ann's Poor House.
November 14: Booker T. Washington dies.
1916 March 6: Garvey leaves Jamaica aboard the "S. S. Tallac," bound for the United States.
March 24 : Garvey arrives in America penniless, moves in with a Jamaican family in Harlem, New York City, and finds work as a printer. He gains a following for his movement by speaking nightly as a soapbox orator on a Harlem street corner.
April 25: Garvey visits W.E.B. Du Bois, the editor of The Crisis, the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
May 9: Garvey holds his first public lecture in the U.S. at St. Mark's Church Hall in New York. It ends disastrously, with him falling off the stage.
ca. May - June: Garvey begins a year-long, 38-state speaking tour that takes him across America.
1917 World War I. U.S. troopsApril 6: The U.S. declares war against Germany.
May: Garvey returns to New York after completing his U.S. speaking tour.
May: Thirteen members join to form the New York branch of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
July 2: A race riot breaks out in East St. Louis.
July 8: Garvey delivers an address, "The Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots," at Lafayette Hall in Harlem, in which he states that the riot was "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind."
October: The first split appears in the Harlem branch of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
November 7: The Russian Revolution. The Bolsheviks, a broad-based Socialist group supported by workers and soldiers and led by V. I. Lenin, seizes power from the tsarist Romanov dynasty, which has ruled Russia for over three centuries.
1918 Amy Ashwood joins Garvey in New York.
June 3: The Federal Bureau of Investigation learns via a written report that Garvey speaks nightly at outdoor meetings on a Harlem street corner.
July: The Universal Negro Improvement Association publishes its Constitution and Book of Laws Made for the Government of the UNIA/ACL.
Headline from The Negro WorldAugust 17: The first issue of The Negro World, the official organ of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, is published.
November 8: An armistice is signed, and the First World War ends.
1919 February 19-21: The Pan-African Congress organized by Du Bois meets in Paris.
February - August: Copies of The Negro World are confiscated by authorities in various countries. It is banned by the governor of Belize, called seditious by the governor of Trinidad, and seized by the government of British Guiana. The acting governor of Jamaica orders the postmaster to open and detain copies of the newspaper. April 27: Garvey announces his plan to start the Black Star Line.
July 12: The Bureau of Investigation (the predecessor to the FBI) requests that its New York office forward all information on Garvey to headquarters in Washington, and instructs its Chicago division to monitor Garvey and other black radicals.
Marcus Garvey and Amy JacquesAmy Jacques becomes Marcus Garvey's private secretary.
August 25: Garvey holds a mass meeting at Carnegie Hall in New York to promote the sale of Black Star Line stock.
August 29: Garvey is arraigned before the Court of General Sessions and committed briefly to the Tombs prison in New York; he is released after paying $3,000 bail.
September 10: The British colonial secretary authorizes the West Indian governments to introduce legislation to suppress The Negro World and other publications considered seditious.
September 15: The Bureau of Investigation instructs its New York division that it wishes to establish "sufficient evidence against Garvey to warrant the institution of deportation proceedings."
S. S. YarmouthSeptember 17: The Black Star Line signs a contract to purchase its first ship, the "S. S. Yarmouth," later renamed the "Frederick Douglass," for $165,000.
October 11: With the goal of deporting Garvey firmly in mind, J. Edgar Hoover writes a memo suggesting that investigators pursue the idea of prosecuting Garvey for fraud, in connection with his Black Star Line activities.
October 14: Garvey is shot and wounded in an assassination attempt by George Tyler.
October 15: George Tyler commits suicide while in jail.
Promotional flyer for The Black Star LineNovember 5: Plans to float a second Black Star Line ship, the "S. S. Phyllis Wheatley," are announced.
December 25: Garvey marries Amy Ashwood in Liberty Hall.
1919-1921 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer begins what will become known as the Palmer Raids, monitoring the actions of people perceived to be "foreign radicals." The young J. Edgar Hoover is appointed Palmer's assistant.
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Marcus Garvey Timeline

1920 January 23: The Negro Factories Corporation is incorporated.
January 16: Prohibition goes into effect in the United States.
January 17: The "S. S. Yarmouth" leaves New York harbor for Havana, carrying a cargo of whiskey.
January 19: The "S. S. Yarmouth" is found sinking 101 miles outside New York harbor, and is assisted by the Coast Guard.
January 22: Rumors of dissension among Black Star Line and Universal Negro Improvement Association officers are reported in the New York news.
February 3: The U.S. government seizes the cargo from the "S. S. Yarmouth."
March 6: Garvey separates from Amy Ashwood Garvey; his personal secretary, Amy Jacques, has become his constant traveling companion.
March 28: Garvey addresses a Liberty Hall meeting, decrying the enemies of his organization, and announces a purge of Universal Negro Improvement Association officers.
April 9: Marcus Garvey Sr. dies in Jamaica.
Elected leaders of the UNIA First International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the WorldAugust 1-31: The Universal Negro Improvement Association holds its first International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World at Madison Square Garden and schedules a massive parade in Harlem. During this convention, the UNIA adopts and signs a Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopts a "nation" flag with the colors of the Red, Black, and Green, and elects officials for its provisional government. Garvey himself is elected Provisional President of Africa. James W. H. Eason, a Philadelphia minister, is named Leader of the American Negroes.
August-September: Garvey is indicted on charges of criminal libel, and the government investigates ways to deport him.
ca. October 17: Garvey announces a $2 million Liberian Construction Loan, meant to repatriate black people to Africa.
1921 UNIA members gathered outside Liberty HallJanuary 2: Garvey delivers an address at Liberty Hall on "Du Bois and his Escapades."
January 4: Garvey begins another trip across the country on a speaking tour.
February: A 16-man Universal Negro Improvement Association delegation leaves for Liberia. Garvey applies for American citizenship.
February -July: Garvey obtains a British passport for travel to the West Indies. While he is on tour there, the State Department instructs the U.S. consul general in Jamaica to refuse Garvey a visa, in view of his activities in political and race agitation. After being temporarily detained by U.S. immigration authorities, Garvey finally is able to return to New York on July 17.
J. Edgar HooverMay 11: J. Edgar Hoover submits a brief to the Department of State about Garvey's activities in the U.S.
May 31: Racial riots break out in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
August 1: The Universal Negro Improvement Association opens its second annual convention.
August 5: The Universal Negro Improvement Association secretary general is charged with misappropriation of funds.
August 25: Formal charges are raised against various Universal Negro Improvement Association executive officers and debated on the floor of the convention.
September 30: The Pan African Congress meets in Paris.
December 12: The Bureau of Investigation requests that the Internal Revenue Service investigate Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
1922 The Negro World newspaper is confiscated and banned throughout Africa.
January 12: Garvey is arrested for fraudulent use of mails; he is held on a $2,500 bond pending presentation of his case to a federal grand jury.
April: The Black Star Line is dissolved due to financial failure.
June 15: Garvey obtains a divorce form Amy Ashwood.
June 25: Garvey meets with the Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, Edward Young Clarke, in Atlanta, resulting in a vehement "Garvey Must Go" campaign headed by black leaders.
ca. July 8: Garvey announces at a Liberty Hall meeting that he plans to ask all Universal Negro Improvement Association and Black Star Line officers to resign at their next convention.
July 9: Garvey explains his meeting with the Klan.
July 27: Garvey marries Amy Jacques in Baltimore.
August 23: The Universal Negro Improvement Association trial against James Eason, the Leader of the American Negroes, begins. Garvey accuses Eason of doublecrossing him. Eason will eventually be expelled from the UNIA for 99 years.
September 11: A Universal Negro Improvement Association delegation to the League of Nations arrives in Geneva.
ca. September 11: Eason forms a rival organization, The Universal Negro Alliance.
1923 Marcus Garvey's arrest by FBI agentsJanuary 1: Eason is shot in New Orleans; he dies January 4. William Shakespeare and Fred Dryer, two Garveyites, are later arrested for his murder.
January 15: Chandler Owen and seven other black leaders send letter of complaint against Garvey to Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty. The "Garvey Must Go" campaign continues.
January 31: Because of a failure to pay rent, the Universal Negro Improvement Association enterprise is closed.
January: Garvey publishes an answer to his critics in The Negro World, referring to them as "race defamers," "traitors," "turncoats," and "sinners" who will stop at nothing to defile his name and hinder the work of the UNIA.
April 2: William Shakespeare and Fred Dryer are sentenced to 18 to 20 years in prison for Eason's murder.
May 18: Garvey's trial for mail fraud begins.
June 21: Garvey is sentenced to 5 years in prison for mail fraud. His appeal is soon denied, and he is taken to Tombs Prison in New York.
ca. July 5: The Marcus Garvey Committee on Justice forms, and mounts a petition drive to free Garvey. Garvey is finally allowed bail on September 10, after a 3-month imprisonment.
September 25: Immigration authorities begin preparing a deportation case against Garvey.
1924 February 2: The Negro World adds two sections, one in French and one, edited by Amy Jacques, devoted to women's issues.
May: Du Bois writes an editorial in The Crisis calling Garvey a "lunatic or traitor." This is one of several editorials published in The Crisis during the 1920s critiquing Garvey and his movement.
July 10: Liberia refuses to grant visas to Universal Negro Improvement Association members.
August 1: The Fourth International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World opens.
1925 February 8: After being arrested at the 125th Street train station in New York, Garvey is taken to Atlanta Federal Penitentiary and incarcerated.
March 12: Amy Jacques publishes a pamphlet, "Was Justice Defeated?," a critique of Garvey's trial and conviction.
April 28: Members of Garvey's Pardon Delegation submit a petition for Garvey's release to President Calvin Coolidge.
June 13: Garvey submits his first official application for executive clemency.
June 26: The Immigration and Naturalization Service issues a warrant for Garvey's deportation after a hearing in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary.
July: The U. S. Attorney's Office in New York and the U. S. Post Office Inspector recommend that Garvey's application for clemency be denied.
December: Amy Jacques lobbies for the release of her husband. She will eventually publish a second volume of Philosophy and Opinions, a collection of writings by Garvey.
1926 January: The Universal Negro Improvement Association office building at 52 West 135th Street in New York is sold for nonpayment of taxes.
May 11: Garvey is cited by a prison guard for insolence; he receives a warning and reprimand.
September 8: A parole board denies Garvey's application.
December: Nine members of the jury that convicted Garvey sign an affidavit recommending the commutation of Garvey's sentence.
1927 President CoolidgeJune 8: Malcolm X's father, Earl Little, a follower of Garvey, appeals to President Coolidge for Garvey's release.
Nov. 18: President Coolidge commutes Garvey's sentence.
Garvey is released from the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary and taken to New Orleans for deportation.
Dec. 2: Garvey delivers a farewell address from the deck of the "S. S. Saramacca" and is deported from the U. S., never to return.
1928 January 1: Laura Kofey establishes a splinter group in Miami called the African Universal Church and Commercial League.
March 8: Kofey is assassinated at the pulpit during a meeting in Miami.
April 29: Garvey goes to London and establishes temporary Universal Negro Improvement Association headquarters.
1929 March 30: Garvey begins publishing a daily newspaper, The Blackman, in Jamaica.
1930 September 17: A son, also named Marcus, is born in Jamaica to Garvey and Amy Jacques Garvey.
1932 June 11: The last issue of The Negro World with Garvey listed as the managing editor is published.
1933 The Negro World newspaper headlineAugust 16: A second son, Julius Winston Garvey, is born in Jamaica to Garvey and Amy Jacques Garvey.
October 17: The Negro World ceases publication.
1935 March 26: Garvey relocates to London. His wife and children remain in Jamaica.
1940 ca. January 20: Garvey suffers a cerebral hemorrhage; he is paralyzed on his right side and his speech is affected.
May 18: The Chicago Defender carries a story by a London correspondent erroneously announcing the death of Garvey.
June 10: After suffering a second cerebral hemorrhage or cardiac arrest while reading the inaccurate news reports of his death, Garvey dies in London.
1964 November 10: Garvey's body is returned to Jamaica. The following day he is declared the country's first national hero. He is buried in the Marcus Garvey Memorial, National Heroes' Park, Kingston, Jamaica.
 

Maps of Africa

Historic and contemporary maps of Africa, including political and physical maps, pre-colonial and colonial maps, climate maps, relief maps, population density and distribution maps, vegetation maps, and economic/resource maps.
Portuguese Discoveries in Africa, 1340–1498
A map of Africa from 1906 showing Portuguese discoveries along the coast from 1340 to 1498. The map shows Cape Sagres and Lagos, Portugal, point of embarkation for voyages of exploration under Prince Henry "the Navigator" (1394-1460). This ...
Pre-Colonial Africa, 17th and 18th Centuries
Map of Africa in the 17th & 18th centuries. This map is color–coded to show the possessions of European powers established in Africa, circa 1790, including Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Dutch and Danish claims, and the Turkish Ottoman c...
Pre-Colonial Africa, 1858
Map of Africa in 1858, prior to the extensive European colonization of the continent established at the Berlin Conference of 1885. This map shows the European possessions of the Cape Colony, Natal, and Orange River Free State, and the native African ...
Pre-Colonial Africa, 1870
A physical and political map of Africa prior to the Berlin Conference of 1885, which established the European colonial territory claims on the continent. This map shows the African states of Morocco, Algiers (Algeria), Tripoli, Egypt, Nubia, Abyssini...
The Colonization of Africa, 1870–1910
A map showing the European colonization of the African continent before and after the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the most powerful countries in Europe at the time convened to make their territorial claims on Africa and establish their colonial b...
Pre-Colonial Africa, 1872
A map of Africa showing the continent prior to the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the most powerful countries in Europe at the time convened to make their territorial claims on Africa and establish their colonial borders at the start of the New Impe...
Relief Map of Africa, 1872
A relief map from 1872 of Africa showing the major river, lake, desert and mountain systems on the continent. ...
Native Territories and European Possessions in Africa, 1876
A map of Africa in 1876 showing native African States and European possessions of Britain, France, Spain and Portugal prior to the Berlin Conference of 1885. On this map, European possessions include Algeria, Cape Colony, Griquala Land West, Orange R...
Physical and Political Map of Africa, 1879
Map of pre-colonial Africa, showing the predominately native countries and territories of the African continent in 1879. The counties include the Barbary States of Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli and Fezzan, the Egyptian territories of Egypt Proper,...
Pre-Colonial Africa, 1883
A map of Africa showing the continent prior to the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the most powerful countries in Europe at the time convened to make their territorial claims on Africa and establish their colonial borders at the start of the New Impe...
Africa before the Berlin Conference, 1884
This is an interesting map of Africa showing the continent before the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the most powerful countries in Europe at the time convened to make their territorial claims on Africa and establish their colonial borders at the st...
Mountain Systems of Africa, 1885
An orographic relief map of Africa showing the major mountain systems and highlands of the African continent, including the Atlas Mountains, Plateau of Abyssinia, Kong Mountains, and Cameroon Mountains. This map also shows the major river systems....
Pre-Colonial Africa, 1885
A map of the African continent prior to the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the most powerful countries in Europe at the time convened to make their territorial claims on Africa and establish their colonial borders at the start of the New Imperialism...
Relief Map of Africa, 1890
A relief map from 1890 of Africa showing the major mountain, desert, river, and lake systems on the continent. "The whole continent is a moderately–elevated plateau surrounded of all sides by marginal mountains which either slope abruptly ...
Orographic Chart of Africa, 1891
An outline map showing the various mountain features and plains on the African continent. The map has reference numbers to the prominent features, and includes the inland drainage basin of Lake Tchad....
Congo State, 1893
Map showing the location of the Congo State within the African continent, with the equator and Congo River indicated. The Congo State, controlled by Leopold II of Belgium, was established in 1885 as a corporate state similar to the British East India...
Relief Map of Africa, 1897
Relief map of Africa showing the major river, lake, and mountain systems on the continent. Also shown are surrounding waters, island groups, and the latitudes of the Equator, Tropic of Cancer, and Tropic of Capricorn....
Colonial Africa, 1897
Map of Africa in 1897 showing the European land claims established by the Berlin Conference of 1885. This map also shows major cities and towns, mountain regions, deserts, and river systems....
Africa, 1897
Map of Africa in 1897 showing European colonial possessions and spheres of influence, and the independent territories at the time. The map is color–coded to show the areas controlled by the British, French, German, Turkish, Italian, Portuguese,...
Comparative size of Africa and the United States, 1899
Map illustrates the size of Africa by superimposing the United States over it....
Colonial Africa, 1899
Map of Africa in 1899 showing the colonial possessions of European powers on the continent established at the Berlin Conference of 1885. This map shows major cities and trade centers, railroad routes and canals, major river systems, and sub–bas...
Political and Physical Africa, 1901
A map from 1901 of the political and physical features of Africa. The map uses color–contouring to show highlands above 2000 feet in buff tints, lowlands in greens, and the submerged part of the continental plateau in light blue. The map shows ...
Africa, 1901
A map from 1901 of Africa showing political boundaries and capitals, principal cities and towns, mountain systems, rivers, lakes, and coastal features. The map is color–coded to show the European possessions of the British, French, Germans, Tur...
Geopolitical Map of Africa, 1902
A physical map of the African continent showing general elevations color coded as highlands above 2,000 feet in buff tints, lowlands in green tints, and the offshore continental shelf in light blue. Major rivers, lakes, mountains, and other landforms...
Colonial Africa, 1902
A map of Africa in 1902 showing the European colonial possessions established at the Berlin Conference in 1885, and the Turkish or Ottoman possession of Tripoli. This map shows major cities, rivers, and mountain systems, canals and head of navigation...
Colonial Africa, 1903
A political map of Africa, as it was in 1903, showing European land claims after the Berlin Conference in 1885. The lack of natural boundaries, that is, boundaries along rivers, mountains, or native lands, shows the European system of arbitrary bound...
Landforms of Africa, 1904
A map from 1904 of Africa and Madagascar showing the principal mountain, lake, and river systems. Mountain chains are shown with heavy black lines....
Colonial Africa, 1904
A map of Africa shortly after the Berlin Conference of 1885, which established the European colonial territory claims on the continent. These European and independent boundaries include Algeria and the Saharan Sphere of French Influence, Tripoli, Egy...
Africa, 1906
A map of African countries and European territorial claims in 1906, showing major cities and trade centers, major rivers and landforms, and trade routes. An Inset map details the Nile Delta and Suez Canal, showing the Suez and the Canal of Rashid, ra...
Africa, 1906
A map of the African continent in 1906 showing European land claims such as British East Africa, German East Africa, Portuguese East Africa, Italian Somalia, and others, and European colonies and corporate states such as Cape Colony, Vaal River Colon...
Relief Map of Africa, 1906
A relief map from 1906 of Africa and Madagascar showing the major river, lake, and mountain systems of the continent. ...
Elevations of Africa, 1906
A map of the African continent showing general color–coded elevations, including areas below sea level in purple, lowlands in green, elevations above 1,000 feet in buff, and elevations over 4,000 feet in red. Political divisions of the time are...
Plants of Africa, 1906
A pictorial map of the African continent showing various plant types found in the regions of Africa, including wheat, sago palm, cotton, banana, cocoanut, oil palm, river grass, and fan palm....
Animals of Africa, 1906
A pictorial map of the African continent showing animals found in the various regions of Africa....
European Possessions of Africa, 1906
A map of Africa after the Berlin Conference of 1885, which established the European colonial territory claims on the continent. This map shows the Belgian, British, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish claims, and the Turkish claim to Egy...
Africa: European Possessions, 1909
A map of Africa in 1909 showing the European land claims established by the Berlin Conference of 1885. British, German, French, Spanish, and Portuguese possessions are shown, as well as major cities and towns, railroad and trade routes, and major riv...
Rainfall in Africa, 1910
A map showing area precipitation and the direction and effects of wind currents on the African continent, including the desert regions in the trade wind and horse latitude belts, and the region of heavy rainfall in the belt of calms....
Rainfall in Africa, 1910
A map from 1910 of Africa showing area precipitation and the direction and effects of wind currents on the African continent, including the desert regions in the trade wind and horse latitude belts, and the region of heavy rainfall in the belt of cal... 
Colonial Africa, 1910
A map of Africa after the Berlin Conference of 1885, which established the European colonial territory claims on the continent. This map shows the British, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish claims, and the Ottoman possession of Tripoli...
Physical Map of Africa, 1910
A physical map of the African continent showing general color coded land elevations and water depths. This map shows rivers and prominent landform features, including highland regions, plateaus, mountains, and desert oases....
Africa - Density of Population, 1910
Map showing the population density of Africa in 1910 measured in inhabitants per square mile. Cities with populations over 100,000 are shown....
The Story of Africa, 1912
A stylized relief map of Africa, showing the Sahara, major rivers and lakes, mountains, "wild country," and other features. The Sahara is labeled as "The Great Desert that No Man Could Cross." with pyramids and temples drawn along...
Colonial Africa, 1912
Map of Africa showing European colonies and independent countries. Also shows waterways, railroads, and cities. Includes an insert map of Cape Verde Islands....
Production of Iron, Manganese, and Chromic Iron Ores in Africa, 1913
"Production of iron, manganese, and chromic iron ores in Africa in 1913...Each dot represents 1 per cent of world's production. A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes ...
Production of Coal in Africa, 1913
"Production of coal in Africa in 1913 and approximate outlines [in red] of coal fields... [x] Represents 1/2 to 1/10 per cent of world's production. [v] Represents less than 1/10 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German col...
Production of Phosphate, Nitrates, and Potash in Africa, 1913
"Production of phosphate, nitrates, and potash in Africa in 1913... Each dot represents 1 per cent of world's production. A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes in bou...
Production of Graphite, Magnesite, and Sheet Mica in Africa, 1913
"Production of graphite, magnesite, and sheet mica in Africa in 1913... Each dot represents 1 per cent of world's production. A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes in...
Production of Tungsten in Africa, 1913
"Production of Tungsten in Africa in 1913... A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes in boundaries of territories in Africa are shown on map of Africa in the introducto...
Production of Petroleum in Africa, 1913
"Production of Petroleum in Africa in 1913... A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes in boundaries of territories in Africa are shown on map of Africa in the introduct...
Production of Gold, and Silver in Africa, 1913
"Production of gold, and silver in Africa in 1913... Each dot represents 1 per cent of world's production. A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes in boundaries of terr...
Colonial Africa, 1914
A map of Africa in 1914, showing the presence of European powers, including British, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and Belgian possessions. Native states, major cities and major railways are also shown. This map reflects European impe...
Africa Prior to WWI, 1914
A political sketch map of Africa just prior to WWI in 1914, showing the colonial possessions of European powers established at the Berlin Conference of 1885. The map shows the territorial claims of the British, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, an...
Countries, Districts, and Provinces of Africa, 1914
A map of the African continent in 1914 showing the European possessions at the time. This map shows major cities and trade centers, with railroads, rivers, canals, shipping routes, and major ports. Insert maps detail Madagascar, and the islands of As...
Africa - Physical, 1915
Physical map of Africa showing major landforms and waterways, including the Atlas Mountains, Mount Kilimanjaro, the Saharan, Libyan, Arabian, and Kalahari Deserts, The Upper and Lower Guinea Coasts, the Congo Basin, Lake Victoria, and the Nile, Niger...
Economic Map of Africa, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing the principal economic products of the area. The map is keyed to show areas of production for rubber, gum arabic, dates, cotton, gold, ivory, and cattle breeding. Other products are named in red. The m...
Temperature in Africa in January, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing mean temperatures throughout the region in January, given in degrees Fahrenheit. The map is color–coded to show the temperate temperatures below 70° in greens and yellow, and warm temperature...
Temperature in Africa in July, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing mean temperatures throughout the region in July, given in degrees Fahrenheit. The map is color–coded to show the temperate temperatures below 70° in greens and yellow, and warm temperatures a...
Rainfall in Africa in January, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing mean rainfall distribution throughout the region in January, given in inches of precipitation. The map is color–coded to show the areas of sparse, moderate, and heavy rainfall....
Rainfall in Africa in July, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing mean rainfall distribution throughout the region in July, given in inches of precipitation. The map is color–coded to show the areas of sparse, moderate, and heavy rainfall....
Africa – Orographical, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing general land elevations above and below sea level, and landform features, including mountain systems, plateaus, deserts, and plains throughout the region. The map uses color–contouring to show la...
Vegetation Map of Africa, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing the general vegetation regions. The map is color–coded to show areas of forests, grasslands, steppes, poor steppes, and deserts....
Density of Population of Africa, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing the population density of the region at the time. This map is keyed to show areas of population densities ranging from under 2 inhabitants per square mile to areas of over 512 inhabitants per square mi...
Political Map of Africa, 1915
A map from 1915 of Africa and Madagascar showing the political boundaries and principal cities throughout the region at the time, including European possessions....
Political Colonial Africa, 1916
A political map of the African continent in 1916, showing the European territorial claims established at the Berlin Conference in 1885. This map also shows the territorial enclaves of British Walfish Bay in German Southwest Africa, Spanish Guinea in ...
Physical Africa, 1916
A physical map of the African continent showing general elevations color coded as lands below sea level in purple, sea level to 1000 feet in green, 1000 to 2000 feet in yellow, 2000 to 5000 feet in light orange, and over 5000 feet in dark orange. Bat...
Drainage Basins of Africa, 1916
A map of the major drainage basins of the African continent indicating the hydrologic flow to the Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea, the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, and the interior basins of the Sahara and Kalahari deserts and Abyssinian ...
Population Density in Africa, 1916
A map showing the population density of Africa in 1916 showing density ranges from under 2 inhabitants to areas along the Nile River valley and delta of more than 512 inhabitants per square mile....
World War I: African Colonies Lost by Germany, 1916
This map shows the African colonies lost by Germany in 1916 during World War I. "At the beginning of 1916 only two colonies remained to Germany, Kamerun and German East Africa. Kamerun was completely overrun by Belgian, British and French troops...
Post-WWI Africa, 1918
This map is of Africa after World War I. The scramble by Italy, Belgium, and Germany to create colonies in order to keep up with the British, French, and Spanish Empires was played out in Africa, the last remaining continent yet to be completely divi...
Africa After WWI, 1919
A map of all German colonies and possessions in Africa ceded to the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles at the close of WWI....
Africa, 1919
A map from 1919 of Africa showing the territorial changes made after World War I. The map shows the areas ceded by Germany, including Togo and Kamerun to be decided by British and French mandate, German East Africa under British mandate, and German S...
Africa, 1920
A map of Africa in 1920 showing colonial possessions of the British, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Belgians, including the former German colonies, lost after WWI, to French and British control per the Treaty of Versailles. This map shows ...
Natural Regions of Africa, 1920
A map from 1920 of Africa and Madagascar showing principal physical features and natural regions. The map is color–coded to show lowlands, uplands and plateaus, the Kongo basin, the older, worn down mountains, and young, rugged mountains. The m...
Annual Rainfall in Africa, 1920
A map from 1920 of Africa and Madagascar showing the mean annual rainfall distribution given in inches, seasonal variations in precipitation, and seasonal costal wind direction. The map is color–coded to show annual precipitation ranging from u...
Land Regions of Africa, 1920
A color relief map of the African continent showing regional vegetation and terrain including lands below sea level, grasslands, temperate and tropical forests, oases, semideserts, and deserts and barren mountain slopes. The map also shows wet weathe...
Post-WWI Africa, 1920
A map of Africa in 1920 showing colonial possessions of the British, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Belgians, including the former German colonies, lost after WWI, per the Treaty of Versailles. This map shows major cities and trade centers...
Post-WWI Africa, 1920
A political map of Africa in 1920 showing colonial possessions of the British, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Belgians, including the former German colonies, lost after WWI, per the Treaty of Versailles. The map shows major cities, rivers,...
Population Distributions in Africa, 1920
A map from 1920 of Africa and Madagascar showing the population distribution in the region, keyed to show densities ranging from under 2 persons per square mile to over 250 persons per square mile....
Africa, 1921
A map from 1921 of Africa showing the territorial changes made after World War I. "Map showing in red the mandatories for former German colonies and new boundaries of countries in Africa. Abandoned Boundaries crossed in red." — Depart...
Africa after WWI, 1921
Political map of Africa shortly after WWI showing boundary changes, including losses of German territory after the Treaty of Versailles. German Southwest Africa is shown as part of the Union of South Africa, and German East Africa is shown as Tangany...
European Possessions of Africa, 1922
A political map of Africa showing European possessions after WWI and the ceding of German possessions in accordance to the Treaty of Versailles. The inset map details the Cape Verde Islands and Senegal, Gambia, and Portuguese Guinea....
Sketch Map of Mid-Century Africa, Circa 1850
A map of Africa around the middle of the nineteenth century showing European interests on the continent prior to the Berlin Conference of 1885, which established their territorial claims. The majority of the continent was unexplored at this time, and...
Post-WWI Africa, 1920
A political map of Africa in 1920 showing colonial possessions of the British, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Belgians, including the former German colonies, lost after WWI, per the Treaty of Versailles. This map also shows the Caprivi Str...

 
   Production of Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Africa, 1913
"Production of copper, lead, and zinc in Africa in 1913... Each dot represents 1 per cent of world's production. A cross represents less than 1/2 per cent of world's production...Mandatories for former German colonies and changes in boundaries o...
 
    Africa, 1904
"Africa – Second only to Asia in point of size, the continent of Africa, including the islands contiguous to its shore, has an area of 11,854,000 square miles, yet is the least important of all the great divisions of the globe, judged by t...
 
  Africa before the Berlin Conference, 1882
A map of Africa as it was known in 1882 before the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the most powerful countries in Europe at the time convened to make their territorial claims on Africa and establish their colonial borders at the start of the New Impe...